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List of USB (adb and fastboot) drivers for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 computers (32-bit and 64-bit) that work with all Android smartphones and tablets. Este, segundo o autor, é o Windows XP SP3 Original. Apenas modificou a aparência para torna-lo o mais parecido com o Vista, além de já vir com 25 mais bonitos. MS Paint, the first app you used for editing images, will probably be killed off in future updates of Windows 10, replaced by the new app Paint 3D. Microsoft lists. RIP, Microsoft Paint. MS Paint, the first app you used for editing images, will probably be killed off in future updates of Windows 1. Paint 3. D. Microsoft lists the 3. Windows 1. 0’s next autumn update, a little X marking the end of an era. The app is certainly a relic, from a time when the casual computer user couldn’t crack open Photoshop or Skitch or Pixelmator or thousands of web apps. MS Paint can’t save image components as layers or vectors; it’s for making flat static images only. It doesn’t smooth lines or guess at your best intentions. It does what you tell it and nothing more, faithfully representing the herky- jerky motion of drawing freehand with a computer mouse. It’s from a time before touch, a time before trackpads. As more sophisticated options appeared, Paint’s janky aesthetic became a conscious choice. Paint” became the metonym for that aesthetic, even if an image was actually created in another app. TV Tropes lists major limitations that came to define a certain look: the wobbly freehand lines, awkward color handling, and inappropriate export settings that give Paint its distinctive look. In 2. 01. 4, Gawker’s Sam Biddle noted Paint’s influence on conspiracy theory images, calling the form “Chart Brut.” In amateur detectives’ attempts at identifying the Boston Marathon bombers, the simplicity and jaggedness of Paint evokes the “crazy wall” aesthetic of red string and scribbled notes, apparently without irony. The same year, internet historian Patrick Davison explored Paint’s influence on the last decade of meme culture, particularly Rage Comics. The outsider- art aesthetic feels appropriate to the relatable everyday content, and makes the art form unthreatening. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service.Of course, Paint offered a few features to smooth things out, like the circle and line tools and the “fill” tool, all used in the stoner comics of the early 1. Crucially, those circles still had jagged curves. The bright colors of stoner comics are flat, as MS Paint didn’t support gradients (without an elaborate hack). Contrast those pixellated lines with the slick, stylish face from this art tutorial: This slickness is built into Paint’s successor, Paint 3. D. From the moment you start sketching, Paint 3. D smooths out your art. It also supports automatic selection tools and content- aware fill to rival Photoshop’s.)By automatically improving art, Paint 3. D hides the process behind the image. Paint’s sloppiness is probably why rage comics got so popular. Looking at a rage comic, you can tell exactly how it was drawn, and how you might draw one yourself. By delivering exactly what the artist draws, MS Paint forms an image that the viewer can mentally reverse- engineer and imitate. Unless you go absolutely nuts with it. Reddit user Toweringhorizon painstakingly assembled the drawing “To a Little Radio” using MS Paint tools like the oil brush, stretching the medium while maintaining a pixelated look. It’s one of the top submissions to MS Paint subreddit, a beautiful collaborative art gallery. Scrolling through this art feels like flipping through the sketchbook of the most artistic kid in high school. There’s an accepted roughness, a desired minimalism. For example, the exquisite raindrops in the work above are reflected in a flat, featureless tabletop. Like a transistor radio, Paint might be showing its age, but this tenacious little gadget should not be underestimated.“To a Little Radio” doesn’t even come close to testing Paint’s limits. As we say goodbye to the app that shaped an era, let us watch this bizarrely soundtracked time lapse of drawing Santa Claus in MS Paint on Windows 7 over the course of 5. We can only believe this is real because faking it would be even harder. No-registration upload of files up to 250MB. Not available in some countries. Review Article. Medical Progress. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. William M. Lee, M.D. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1733-1745 December 11, 1997 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199712113372406. The family of cecidomyiid midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) exhibits diversified patterns of life history, behavior, host range, population dynamics and other. Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Partners - Cisco. Our partners work with you to integrate, build, provide, sell, and consult on the solutions, software, and services you need. Partner locator. Work with our partners. Build Security In / Software & Supply Chain Assurance content is no longer updated.The articles are provided here for historical reference.Suggested resource: https.Free Photo Editing Software (Photo Editor) Download. Photo. Scape is a fun and easy photo editing software that enables you to fix and enhance photos. Key Features. Viewer: View photos in your folder, create a slideshow. Editor: resizing, brightness and color adjustment, white balance, backlight correction, frames, balloons, mosaic mode, adding text, drawing pictures, cropping, filters, red eye removal, blooming. Batch editor: Batch edit multiple photos. Page: Merge multiple photos on the page frame to create one final photo. Combine: Attach multiple photos vertically or horizontally to create one final photo. Animated GIF: Use multiple photos to create a final animated photo. Print: Print portrait shots, carte de visites(CDV), passport photos. Splitter: Slice a photo into several pieces. Screen Capture: Capture your screenshot and save it. Color Picker: Zoom in on images, search and pick a color. Rename: Change photo file names in batch mode. Raw Converter: Convert RAW to JPG. Paper Print: Print lined, graph, music and calendar paper. Face Search: Find similar faces on the Internet. Pokémon Black and White are role-playing video games with adventure elements, presented in a third-person, overhead perspective. There are three basic screens: an. Black & White is a god video game developed by Lionhead Studios and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows in 2001 and by Feral Interactive in 2002 for Mac OS. Free, secure and fast downloads from the largest Open Source applications and software directory - SourceForge.net. Photo. Scape is provided free of charge. We are always upgrading Photo. Scape. You can support future development by donating. If you are a user of Windows 1. Mac, please use Photo. Scape X. Free Photo Editor Photo. Please enable cookies and refresh the page. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service.Adobe Photoshop Lightroom - Who Needs It? A Photographer’s Perspective - Mark Galer. Try before you buy. Download any Adobe product for a free 3. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom - Who Needs It? If you have managed to live without it up until now, what makes it so fantabulous/damned hot that you need to place it at the top of your software wish list? No-registration upload of files up to 250MB. Not available in some countries. Photoshop CS5 Tutorials Page for free Photoshop 12 video clips. Photoshop CS3 Free Trial - Download Photoshop Extended For A 30 Day Free Tryout. Mark Galer. Photoshop Lightroom has had somewhat of an identity crisis amongst the general population of photographers since its release in early 2. The Adobe engineers built it to fill a gap in the Photoshop family of products (Photoshop CS3 and Photoshop Elements being the other two family members) but many amongst the photographic community have not been able to identify its primary task to make it the ‘must have’ product that Adobe hoped it would become for all digital photographers. Adobe would like to think that no photographer could imagine living without this product, but in reality, most digital photographers have survived without it for years and question why thy need it now. Much of the confusion for many photographers exists because the feature set of each of the Photoshop products overlap, e. Why buy two products when the one I have does the job nicely? Download any Adobe product for a free 30 day trial. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom - Who Needs It? If you have managed to live without it up until now, what makes it so. Fig 0. 1. Lightroom – not a browser but a database. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. I believe Adobe are afraid of scaring off photographers by telling them what Lightroom actually is – a database with extras (hopefully I haven’t offended your creative sensibilities by using the ‘d’ word and you will prove Adobe wrong by carrying on reading). Adobe has spent so long avoiding using the term (dancing around the reality of what the product is by using photo- friendly terms such as library and catalog) that they have created considerable confusion as to the product’s true identity and function amongst a broad section of the photographic community. So what’s so great about a database and why does a photographer need one? A good photographic database will let you locate and see a full- screen preview of any image you have ever taken in seconds – even if the image file isn’t on your computer - now how scary a concept can that be? Convincing the confused. For owners of the full version of Photoshop we were sold on the idea of using Bridge to manage our digital assets back in 2. Photoshop) and for Photoshop Elements users the ‘Organizer’ has been doing the job in hand. The confusion for many photographers was made even worse when Adobe loaded Lightroom with every conceivable bell and whistle (peripheral features that surrounds its core task), tagged Lightroom with the Photoshop prefix and then called it a complete workflow solution ‘from shoot to finish’ in their original marketing campaign. In shouting about everything it could do, rather than the one thing that it does remarkably well and the other products can’t do well or at all, Lightroom’s primary task was somewhat diluted in the sales pitch. The original sales approach didn’t make a huge song and dance about what the product could NOT do either, and for many users the difference between Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop CS3 and Photoshop Elements became a big question mark that has still not been answered for many photographers. Fig 0. 2. Lightroom - Not a replacement but an addition. Two is better than one. Photoshop CS3 or Photoshop Elements. Adobe doesn’t want you to purchase one Photoshop product, they want you to buy two – Photoshop CS3 and Photoshop Lightroom or Photoshop Elements and Photoshop Lightroom. Adobe’s more recent sales pitch promotes Photoshop CS3 and Lightroom as working ‘hand in hand’. Photoshop CS3 and Lightroom, together, are now being pushed as the complete solution. Adobe on its website is now making a clearer distinction between the primary strengths of each product. When Adobe is talking about managing thousands of images they are focusing on Lightroom and when they are talking about perfecting a single image they are shining the spotlight on Photoshop CS3. Product differentiation in Adobe’s advertising blurb is now a lot clearer than at the time since the launch of Lightroom in early 2. Adobe sees it’s primary target market for dual software ownership as their CS3 customers rather than their Elements customers. Lightroom is perceived as being a little too expensive for the typical Elements owner who already owns Organizer as part of their software bundle (perhaps the closest product that Adobe has had to Lightroom to date). The reality is, however, that many Photographers could get by on Elements and Lightroom as many CS3 photographers never use the extra features they have paid for in the full version, but then that’s another discussion to be had elsewhere. The question in hand is do you need Lightroom. What follows is the information to enable you to answer that question. What Lightroon can’t do. In an attempt to clear the fog let’s start by stating what Lightroom cannot do, especially for those photographers who have mistakenly taken to the notion that Photoshop Lightroom could possibly replace Photoshop CS3 or Photoshop Elements. Lightroom is NOT an alternative to Photoshop CS3 or Photoshop Elements. It has no ability to edit multi layered images, use adjustment layer masks to enable localized editing, apply filters or convert images to CMYK for press, so its definitely one short of a six- pack in this department. Lightroom can optimize the appearance of an image but it does this globally. You want the whole image darker – fine, you want the bit in the bottom left- hand corner to be darker - forget it. You can target individual colors or tones within the entire image for special attention in Lightroom but you have no selection tools to allow you to target your adjustments to a localized area within the image. It is NOT another version of Bridge either, as Lightroom cannot view images on hard drives or discs without first importing them into what Adobe call a ‘Catalog’, and it cannot view the broad range of file formats that Bridge can build previews for, such as Illustrator files, PDF files, Quick. Time movies etc. etc. Lightroom works only with JPEG, TIFF, PSD and Raw image file formats - definitely one short of a six- pack in the browser department too. O. K. So what does Lightroom do for crying out loud? Fig 0. 3. Full screen previews as fast as you can scroll. What Lightroon can do. It is very good at viewing thumbnails and full screen previews of images you have ‘imported’ into a Lightroom Catalog and can remember where all of the original images are located amongst your numerous hard drives and discs. It is important to note at this stage, the process of importing images into a Lightroom catalog does not need you to make copies of these images or move the images to any particular place on your hard drive, as Lightroom is happy to just to make a visual reference, or a link, to these images in their original location. The only time images really need to be copied or moved is when the images are being downloaded from a camera’s memory card so that the memory card can be cleared for capturing fresh images. Fig 0. 4. Images - keep them where they belong. Remember: A Lightroom Catalog does not contain the original images, it just links to the images wherever you decide to store them. Whenever the link is temporarily broken, because the external hard drive is not connected or the DVD is not inserted into the disc drive, then Lightroom will still show you the thumbnail and full screen preview which IS part of the catalog. For more information on the catalog concept, or ‘model’, watch George Jardines excellent podcast on the subject. When images have been added to a Lightroom catalog the full screen previews can then be viewed at lightening speed (as fast as the scroll wheel on my mouse will spin), even when the files are on another external drive or disc. The thumbnails and full screen previews are still visible even when the external drive is disconnected from the computer you are working on. Lightroom keeps a memory of the thumbnails and previews of all of the images in the catalog and does not need to have access to the image file unless you want to process the image file. Cool – there is no way Bridge can do that - disconnect your external drive containing the images you were looking at in Bridge and the images do a vanishing trick after just a few seconds. Bridge is simply a browser with no memory for images that are disconnected from the computer you are working on. FUNCIONAMIENTO DE UN SISTEMA DE COMPUTO Un equipo de computo esta compuesto por hardware, software y humanware; el Software es la parte lógica de la computadora, el humanware es el usuario y el hardware es la parte física de la computadora. PRINCIPALES COMPONENTESUNIDAD CENTRAL DE PROCESAMIENTO (CPU) O MICROPROCESADORMICROPROCESADOR: Es Un tipo de circuito integrado también conocidos como microchips ó chips; dependiendo del modelo contiene miles o millones de transistores; Se dice que es programable porque su principal función es recibir instrucciones con el fin de suministrar las señales para los demás elementos del sistema. El microprocesador decide lo que la computadora hace, cuando lo hace y como lo hace. No decide por si mismo si no que sigue un conjunto de instrucciones. Son circuitos electrónicos complejos formados por componente extremadamente pequeños formados por única pieza metálica de poco espesor de un material conocido como semiconductor. Un semiconductor es una sustancia cuya capacidad es conducir la electricidad. El Silicio es el semiconductor más habitual. El primer microprocesador fue Intel 4. Intel 8. 00. 8 (8 bits) creado en 1. Intel 8. 08. 0 de (8bits), se empleo para uso general. Intel PENTIUM pro de Ultrasparc- II (sun. Microsystems)Power PC 6. Apple, IBM y Motorola)Alpha (Digital Equipment Corporation)Actualmente AMD Duron, PENTIUM II, 3 y 4 por Intel. Las principales compañía productoras de microprocesadores son: Intel Cyrix, Alpha Digital, AMD y Motorola (Macintosh). El tipo mas común de microprocesador es CISC y RISC. Velocidad y rendimiento)Una CPU realiza tres tareas basicas, lee datos, los procesa y los graba en memoria. El procesador o Unidad Central de Proceso conocida como UCP o CPU por sus siglas en ingles Central Process Unit. Es el elemento que controla y ejecuta las operaciones del sistema, es decir es el cerebro del computador podemos definirla también como la parte de la computadora encargada de interpretar y realizar las instrucciones que le dan a la computadora, así como de controlar el funcionamiento general de todo el equipo disponible. Su estructura básica consta de: UNIDAD ARITMÉTICA Y LÓGICA: ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) Es un circuito de dos entradas (Modo aritmético y Modo lógico), que efectúa todas las funciones de procesamiento de datos; realiza dos clases de funciones, las operaciones aritméticas (suma, resta, multiplicación, división y funciones avanzadas) y las funciones de tipo lógico ( como las comparaciones de mayor que > , menor que < , igual que =, y los operadores lógicos Y, O, NO, del álgebra de boole. UNIDAD DE CONTROL: Es la encargada de interpretar las instrucciones del programa y ejecutarlas después. Las funciones basicas son: coordina todas las actividades, se comunica con todos los elementos del sistema y ejecuta las instrucciones del programa que se esta utilizando en el momento. Es el responsable de la sincronización de todas las actividades de la computadora. Decide cuando se obtendrán datos de los dispositivos de entrada para ser llevados a la memoria, cuando se efectuarán cálculos con los datos almacenados en la memoria y cuando se llevarán datos de la memoria a los dispositivos de salida.
Además de que ordena a la ALU que efectué las operaciones, comunicándose con todos los elementos del sistema. REGISTROS: Los registros son casillas reservadas especialmente para el almacenamiento temporal de una o más palabras o datos del computador (almacenan temporalmente los resultados de las operaciones aritméticas y lógicas, mientras son transferidos desde o hacia la memoria), que pueden ser de uno o varios bytes de longitud de tal manera que agilizan y facilitan las operaciones aritméticas, lógicas o de transferencia dentro de la CPU. Los registros almacenan datos más importantes durante la ejecución de las instrucciones, incluyen: El Registro de Entrada: Es donde se almacenan temporalmente los datos con los que el microprocsador trabaja en determinado momento. El Registro Contador: Dice que instrucción sigue, contiene la dirección de la siguiente instrucción. El Registro de Instrucción: Tiene la instrucción que se está ejecutando. El Registro Acumulador o de salida: Donde se guardan resultados intermedios, su función principal es entregar palabras de datos a la ALU desde la memoria, o transferir palabras de datos desde la ALU hacia la memoria. El Registro de Estado: Guarda avisos, si el resultado es cero, si es negativo y otros. BUS o CANAL: (Líneas de comunicación o canales) Es un conjunto de conductores y conectores a través de las cuales se envía información a todos los subsistemas que forman el computador. Se encarga de comunicar las distintas partes de la CPU, su papel es como el de una gran avenida que permite llegar a las casas y a otras calles menores. Bus de control: Unidad de control. El equipo (hardware) incluye todos los componentes físicos del sistema de la computadora. Puede componer una sola unidad o puede ser un número de dispositivos. Antes de enumerar los distintos componentes de una computadora, deberíamos definir qué entendemos por "computadora" (u ordenador). Una computadora es un dispositivo. Controla el intercambio de información entre módulos de la unidad central y los periféricos. Bus de Direcciones: Es por donde viaja la información especifica sobre la localización de la dirección de memoria. Lleva la dirección, comunicación entre el CPU y la memoria. Bus de Datos: Es el único bus bidireccional por el que fluyen los datos (internos y externos) es como una autopista entre mas carriles tengan mas pueden circular. Es el que lleva y trae información. Bus de Expansión: Son las encargadas de llevar el bus de datos, de direcciones y de control, a las tarjetas de interfaz. MEMORIALa Memoria es la parte de la computadora, se encarga de almacenar temporalmente o permanentemente, instrucciones, datos de entrada, resultados parciales o definitivos, etc. Nos referimos a la capacidad de almacenamiento de información. Existen principalmente dos tipos de memoria, la memoria primaria y la secundaria. La memoria principal o primaria almacena lo siguiente: Los programas de sistema operativo que administran la operación de la computadora, el programa que se encuentre en ejecución y los datos que estén en uso por el programa. La memoria secundaria es quien almacena los programas mientras los datos no se utilizan, esta tienen gran capacidad de almacenamiento, y es menos costosa que la primaria, tiene la ventaja de no ser volátil, y aunque los dato pueden ser trasferidos rápidamente al CPU es mucho más lenta que la memoria primaria. MEMORIA PRIMARIAS O PRINCIPALESLa Memoria primaria son los chips (microcircuitos) de la tarjeta principal donde se almacenan los microprogramas, los datos, las instrucciones. Se clasifican en: Þ Memória RAM (Random Access Memory) o Memória de Acceso Aleatório (dinámica o estática)Þ Memoria ROM (Read Only Memory) o Memoria de Solo Lectura. MEMORIA RAM (Random Access Memory) o Memória de Acceso Aleatório: La memoria RAM es volátil, es decir almacena información y los programas temporalmente, porque al momento de apagar la computadora se perderá la información almacenada en ella. Se llama memoria de acceso aleatorio porque almacena la información al azar en las celdas de memoria, misma que se utilizan una y otra vez borrando la información que contienen cuando es necesario. Permite la lectura y escritura de datos sin limitaciones, se suelen denominar memoria vivas o RAM. La memoria RAM se clasifica de acuerdo al modo de trabajo: Þ RAM Dinamica o DRAM ( Dynamic Random Access Memory). Refresco de datos (recordar o regrabar la información que esta alamcenada)Þ RAM Estatica o SRAM ( Static Random Access Memory). Para mantener la compatibilidad con programas que funcionaban en la época en que las PC sólo disponían de 6. Kilobytes (Kb) de memoria, el DOS no considera del mismo modo a toda la memoria de que dispone. Aunque este funcionando en una PC moderna que dispone de varios Megabytes de memoria (Mb), desde el punto de vista del DOS y de todos los programas que funcionan bajo este sistema, no se considera a toda la memoria como unico bloque, la misma se divide: Memoria Base (convencional): Ocupa los primero 6. Kb. Es el area que emplea el S. O. DOS, BIOS y los programas de aplicación. Memoria superior (UMB): Es la memoria que se extiende entre los 6. Kb y 1. 02. 4 Kb (1 Mb). El S. O. emplea esta area para almacenar información sobre el hardware. Memoria Extendida: Ocupa la zona desde 1 Mb (1. Kb) hacia arriba. Solo algunos ocupan esta memoria como Windows. Memoria alta: Los primeros 6. Kb de la memoria extendida (S. O. MS- DOS)Memoria Expandida: Bloques de memoria extendida administrados de otra forma por programa especiales. Hardware - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. La palabra hardware en informática se refiere a las partes físicas tangibles de un sistema informático; sus componentes eléctricos, electrónicos, electromecánicos y mecánicos.[1] Cables, gabinetes o cajas, periféricos de todo tipo y cualquier otro elemento físico involucrado componen el hardware; contrariamente, el soporte lógico e intangible es el llamado software. El término es propio del idioma inglés, su traducción al español no tiene un significado acorde, por tal motivo se lo ha adoptado tal cual es y suena. La Real Academia Española lo define como «Conjunto de los componentes que integran la parte material de una computadora».[2] El término, aunque sea lo más común, no solamente se aplica a las computadoras, también es a menudo utilizado en otras áreas de la vida diaria y la tecnología. Por ejemplo, hardware también se refiere a herramientas y máquinas, y en electrónica hardware se refiere a todos los componentes electrónicos, eléctricos, electromecánicos, mecánicos, cableados y tarjetas de circuito impreso o PCB. También se considera al hardware como uno de tres pilares fundamentales en diseño electrónico. Otros ejemplos donde se aplica el término hardware son: un robot,[3][4] un teléfono móvil, una cámara fotográfica, un reproductor multimedia o cualquier otro dispositivo electrónico. Cuando dichos dispositivos procesan datos poseen además de hardware, firmware y/o software. La historia del hardware de computador se puede clasificar en cuatro generaciones, cada una caracterizada por un cambio tecnológico de importancia. Una primera delimitación podría hacerse entre hardware principal, como el estrictamente necesario para el funcionamiento normal del equipo, y el «complementario», como el que realiza funciones específicas. Un sistema informático se compone de una unidad central de procesamiento (UCP o CPU), encargada de procesar los datos, uno o varios periféricos de entrada, los que permiten el ingreso de la información y uno o varios periféricos de salida, que posibilitan dar salida (normalmente en forma visual o auditiva) a los datos procesados. Su abreviatura es Hw. La clasificación evolucionista del hardware del computador electrónico está dividida en generaciones, donde cada una supone un cambio tecnológico notable. El origen de las primeras es sencillo de establecer, ya que en ellas el hardware fue sufriendo cambios radicales.[5] Los componentes esenciales que constituyen la electrónica del computador fueron totalmente reemplazados en las primeras tres generaciones, originando cambios que resultaron trascendentales. En las últimas décadas es más difícil distinguir las nuevas generaciones, ya que los cambios han sido graduales y existe cierta continuidad en las tecnologías usadas. En principio, se pueden distinguir: 1.ª generación (1. Fueron las primeras máquinas que desplazaron los componentes electromecánicos (relés). La lógica discreta era muy parecida a la anterior, pero la implementación resultó mucho más pequeña, reduciendo, entre otros factores, el tamaño de un computador en notable escala. Esta tecnología permitió integrar cientos de transistores y otros componentes electrónicos en un único circuito integrado impreso en una pastilla de silicio. Las computadoras redujeron así considerablemente su costo, consumo y tamaño, incrementándose su capacidad, velocidad y fiabilidad, hasta producir máquinas como las que existen en la actualidad. La aparición del microprocesador marca un hito de relevancia, y para muchos autores constituye el inicio de la cuarta generación.[7] A diferencia de los cambios tecnológicos anteriores, su invención no supuso la desaparición radical de los computadores que no lo utilizaban. Así, aunque el microprocesador 4. PDP- 1. 1/4. 4,[8] con lógica carente de microprocesador que continuaban exitosamente en el mercado; es decir, en este caso el desplazamiento ha sido muy gradual. Otro hito tecnológico usado con frecuencia para definir el inicio de la cuarta generación es la aparición de los circuitos integrados VLSI (very large scale integration), a principios de los ochenta. Al igual que el microprocesador, no supuso el cambio inmediato y la rápida desaparición de los computadores basados en circuitos integrados en más bajas escalas de integración. Muchos equipos implementados con tecnologías VLSI y MSI (medium scale integration) aún coexistían exitosamente hasta bien entrados los 9. Clasificación del hardware[editar]Microcontrolador. Motorola 6. 8HC1. Una de las formas de clasificar el hardware es en dos categorías: por un lado, el hardware principal, que abarca el conjunto de componentes indispensables necesarios para otorgar la funcionalidad mínima a una computadora; y por otro lado, el hardware complementario, que, como su nombre indica, es el utilizado para realizar funciones específicas (más allá de las básicas), no estrictamente necesarias para el funcionamiento de la computadora. Necesita un medio de entrada de datos, la unidad central de procesamiento, la memoria RAM, un medio de salida de datos y un medio de almacenamiento constituyen el hardware básico. Los medios de entrada y salida de datos estrictamente indispensables dependen de la aplicación: desde el punto de vista de un usuario común, se debería disponer, al menos, de un teclado y un monitor para entrada y salida de información, respectivamente; pero ello no implica que no pueda haber una computadora (por ejemplo controlando un proceso) en la que no sea necesario teclado ni monitor; bien puede ingresar información y sacar sus datos procesados, por ejemplo, a través de una placa de adquisición/salida de datos. Las computadoras son aparatos electrónicos capaces de interpretar y ejecutar instrucciones programadas y almacenadas en su memoria; consisten básicamente en operaciones aritmético- lógicas y de entrada/salida.[9] Se reciben las entradas (datos), se las procesa y almacena (procesamiento), y finalmente se producen las salidas (resultados del procesamiento). Por ende todo sistema informático tiene, al menos, componentes y dispositivoshardware dedicados a alguna de las funciones antedichas; [1. Procesamiento: unidad central de procesamiento. Almacenamiento: Memorias. Entrada: Periféricos de entrada (E)Salida: Periféricos de salida (S)Entrada/Salida: Periféricos mixtos (E/S)Desde un punto de vista básico y general, un dispositivo de entrada es el que provee el medio para permitir el ingreso de información, datos y programas (lectura); un dispositivo de salida brinda el medio para registrar la información y datos de salida (escritura); la memoria otorga la capacidad de almacenamiento, temporal o permanente (almacenamiento); y la CPU provee la capacidad de cálculo y procesamiento de la información ingresada (transformación).[1. Un periférico mixto es aquel que puede cumplir funciones tanto de entrada como de salida; el ejemplo más típico es el disco rígido (ya que en él se lee y se graba información y datos). Unidad central de procesamiento[editar]La Unidad Central de Procesamiento, conocida por las siglas en inglés CPU, es el componente fundamental de la computadora, encargado de interpretar y ejecutar instrucciones y de procesar datos.[1. En computadores modernos, la función de la CPU la realiza uno o más microprocesadores. Se conoce como microprocesador a una CPU que es manufacturada como un único circuito integrado. Un servidor de red o una máquina de cálculo de alto rendimiento (supercomputación), puede tener varios, incluso miles de microprocesadores trabajando simultáneamente o en paralelo (multiprocesamiento); en este caso, todo ese conjunto conforma la CPU de la máquina. Las unidades centrales de proceso (CPU) en la forma de un único microprocesador no sólo están presentes en las computadoras personales (PC), sino también en otros tipos de dispositivos que incorporan una cierta capacidad de proceso o "inteligencia electrónica", como pueden ser: controladores de procesos industriales, televisores, automóviles, calculadores, aviones, teléfonos móviles, electrodomésticos, juguetes y muchos más. Actualmente los diseñadores y fabricantes más populares de microprocesadores de PC son Intel y AMD; y para el mercado de dispositivos móviles y de bajo consumo, los principales son Samsung, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Media. Tek, NVIDIA e Intel. Placa base del teléfono móvil Samsung Galaxy Spica, se pueden distinguir varios "System- on- a- Chip" soldados en ella. Escritos de Fernando Macedo e Thais Barros: Palavras 2. Crotone Inter. Crotone-Inter 0-2, Skriniar e Perisic regalano la vetta solitaria a.Crotone-Inter 0-2, Skriniar-Perisic in gol, Spalletti è solo in vetta. El centro ofrece, a lo largo de todo el año, cursos y programas variados de enseñanza y perfeccionamiento de hasta nueve idiomas. Los 6 mejores trucos para acelerar las descargas de tu emulewww.informaniaticos.com. CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X5 - conjunto completo de aplicações avançadas para criar layouts e ilustrações, edição de fotos e conversão de imagens para vetorial.Windows Vista Recovery Disk and Repair Disc Download. Download our recovery and repair disk for Microsoft Windows Vista (also for Windows 7, 8, XP or Server editions) that can be used to access system recovery tools, giving you options of using an antivirus, System Restore, document and picture backup and recovery, automated system repair, and a command- line prompt for manual advanced recovery. Download recovery disk for Windows Vista. 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Restore your PC to a working state. Access and back up your important data. Use your PC even when it doesn’t work. Advanced tools for IT experts. Contents. Disk for recovery & repair. Download recovery disk for Windows Vista. Burn to CDs, DVDs or USB sticks. How to install RDS Quick Start in Windows 2012 R2 Run Server Manager. How to Install Self Certificate on a workstation Accessing a HTTPS website with self certificate. · I need to download Windows server 2003 64bit ISO images, can someone help me finding the download link please. thanks. Compatible with PC manufacturers. Dell, HP, Asus, Acer. Lenovo, Toshiba, Samsung. IBM, Compaq, Gateway, e. Machines. Disk for Windows 7, 8, XP or Server editions. Support. Disk for recovery & repair. If you’re like most PC users, you probably got Windows Vista with a new PC or laptop. And if you’re like 9. Dell, Acer, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, they all have one thing in common: they don’t give you a real Windows Vista installation disk with your purchase. Instead, they bundle what they call a “recovery disk” (that’s if you’re lucky – otherwise you’ll have a recovery partition instead) with your machine and leave it at that. It doesn’t matter that you just paid a thousand dollars for a machine that comes with a valid Windows Vista license – your computer manufacturer just don’t want to spend the money (or perhaps take on the responsibility) of giving you a Windows Vista installation DVD to accompany your expensive purchase. The problem is, with Windows Vista, the installation media serves more than one purpose. It’s not just a way to get Windows installed, it’s also the only way of recovering a borked installation. The DVD has a “recovery center” that provides you with the option of recovering your system via automated recovery (searches for problems and attempts to fix them automatically), rolling- back to a system restore point, recovering a full PC backup, or accessing a command- line recovery console for advanced recovery purposes. Download recovery disk for Windows Vista Easy Recovery Essentials repair process is non- destructive, recovering PCs without formatting or reinstalling Windows. The powerful repair process can fix many issues that Microsoft’s own Startup Repair cannot. In addition to the industry- leading automated repair features, this disk will give you access to the following: System Restore. Web Browser. Partition Editor. Antivirus Scanner. Data/File Backup and Recovery. Commandline/Terminal Access. Later update: Please note that this download is no longer free, due to licensing restrictions imposed upon us. Download Easy Recovery Essentials for Windows Vista. Our recovery disk supports x. Windows Vista versions, including 3. Windows Vista Ultimate (3. Windows Vista Enterprise (3. Windows Vista Business (3. Windows Vista Home Premium (3. Windows Vista Home Basic (3. Windows Vista Starter (3. And all Service Packs: Windows Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1)Windows Vista Service Pack 2 (SP2)This disk is a 1. Mi. B download in standard ISO format that you’ll need to burn to a CD or DVD before you can use it as a bootable recovery medium. You can also burn it on a USB stick. You cannot use a recovery or repair disk to install or reinstall Windows Vista. Burn to CDs, DVDs or USB sticks. Neo. Smart Technologies has published a guide on how to burn an ISO image to CD or DVD with your favorite burning program, which you can read if you need more information or help on this topic. You can burnt it with Img. Burn, Alcohol 1. 20% or Active. ISO: You can also burn it on a USB stick if you don’t want to use CDs or DVDs. We published a guide on making a Easy. RE recovery USB. Compatible with PC manufacturers. This recovery and repair disk is compatible with desktops, workstations, laptops, notebooks, netbooks, ultrabooks and servers from major PC manufacturers, like Dell, HP, Asus, Acer or Lenovo plus more. Dell, HP, Asus, Acer. Dell. The disk is compatible with all Dell laptops and desktop computers, including all its manufactured series like Adamo, Inspiron, Studio, Vostro, XPS, Latitude. Do you have a Dell computer running Windows Vista? Read our Dell recovery and restore guide. HPThe disk is compatible with HP computers: ENVY, Elite. Book, Essential Home, Pavilion and x. ENVY, Essential Home and Pavilion for desktops and All- in- One Desktop PCs. Do you have a HP computer running Windows Vista? Read our HP recovery and restore guide. Asus. It’s compatible with notebooks, ultrabooks, laptops and desktops from ASUS. 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It’s compatible with any Toshiba computers running Windows: Satellite, Qosmio, Portege, Tecra, Kira family series. All- in- One desktop series. Do you have a Toshiba computer running Windows Vista? Read our Toshiba recovery and restore guide. Samsung. The disk is compatible with Samsung line of laptops and desktops, including: ATIV Book, Gaming and Business PC series for laptops. ATIV One for All- in- One desktops. IBM, Compaq, Gateway, e. Machines. IBMIBM personal computer business division was acquired by Lenovo in 2. This disk supports IBM desktop and laptop models, most notably the Think. Pad line. Compaq. Compaq was acquired by HP in 2. PC line series are still used by our customers. Our disk works with Compaq notebooks and desktops PCs, including Compaq Presario series. Gateway. Gateway Computer was acquired by Acer in 2. Our disk is compatible with Gateway Computers netbooks, notebooks and desktops PCs, such as: Series SX, DX and One ZX for desktop systems. 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Easy Recovery Essentials supports Microsoft Windows Server editions: 2. Support. Our disk supports all Windows service packs (Windows XP SP1, Windows XP SP2, Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista SP1, Windows Vista SP2, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 7 SP2, Windows 8. Windows Server 2. R2, Windows Server 2. R2, and Windows Server 2. R2. Please don’t ask for help below, it’ll get real cluttered real soon! Open a support thread at https: //neosmart. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, (abgekürzt auch Call of Duty: MW3 oder MW3) ist ein Ego-Shooter, welcher in Zusammenarbeit von Infinity Ward und Sledgehammer Games. It’s increasingly difficult to do anything on your phone nowadays without sharing your geolocation information. Certain Snapchat filters, Facebook status updates. Download.torrent - CALL OF DUTY 6 MODERN WARFARE 2 - XBOX 360. Modern Warfare 3 – Wikipedia. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3. Studio. Vereinigte Staaten. Infinity Ward. Vereinigte Staaten. Sledgehammer Games. Vereinigte Staaten. Raven Software(Multiplayer, DLC)Vereinigte Staaten. Treyarch(Wii)Vereinigte Staatenn- Space(DS)Publisher. Vereinigte Staaten. Activision. Komponist. Brian Tyler. Erstveröffent- lichung. Welt 8. November 2. Plattform. Windowsmac. OSPlay. Station 3[2]Xbox 3. Nintendo Wii. Nintendo DSSpiel- Engine. IW 5. 0. Genre. Ego- Shooter. Spielmodus. Einzelspieler, Mehrspieler. Steuerung. Tastatur & Maus, Gamepad. Systemvor- aussetzungen. Windows XP, Vista oder 7 mindestens Dual- Core, 2 GB RAM, Grafikkarte mit mindestens 2. MB Grafikspeicher (Direct. X 9. 0c fähig), 1. GB freien Speicherplatz[3]Medium. DVD- ROM, Blu- ray Disc, Download. Altersfreigabe. Information. Nur die Nintendo- DS- Version ist ab 1. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, (abgekürzt auch Call of Duty: MW3 oder MW3) ist ein Ego- Shooter, welcher in Zusammenarbeit von Infinity Ward und Sledgehammer Games entwickelt wurde. Für den Mehrspieler- Modus war Raven Software verantwortlich. Als achter Teil der Call- of- Duty- Reihe und dritter Teil des Modern- Warfare- Franchises knüpft er direkt an die Geschehnisse von Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 an. Das Spiel wurde weltweit am 8. November 2. 01. 1 für Xbox 3. Play. Station 3 und PC veröffentlicht. Eingeschränkte Versionen sind auch für Wii und Nintendo DS erhältlich. Innerhalb eines Tages wurde es allein in den Vereinigten Staaten und Großbritannien 6,5 Millionen mal verkauft, erzielte einen Umsatz von 4. Millionen US- Dollar und war der erfolgreichste Start eines Videospieles bis zum Erscheinen des Nachfolgers Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 am 1. November 2. 01. 2, der diesen Rekord brach.[4][5]Spielelemente. Kampagne. Die Kampagne behandelt, wie schon im Vorgänger, mehrere Nebenhandlungen, die Bezug auf eine gemeinsame Geschichte nehmen. Die spielbaren Charaktere wechseln sich dabei oft ab. Der Spieler schlüpft in mehreren Mission in die Rolle des Delta- Force- Soldaten Sergeant „Frost“ Weskbrook, der Missionen in New York, Hamburg und Berlin mit seinem Team übernimmt. In den Missionen des Task- Force 1. Rolle des Yuri eingenommen, in der letzten Mission die von Captain Price. In einzelnen Missionen lassen sich Charaktere spielen, deren Funktion für die Handlung wichtig ist, aber selbst nebensächlich sind. Die Missionen finden in New York, Nordindien, Hamburg, Berlin, Sibirien, Sierra Leone, London und Paris statt. Handlung. Die Kampagne von Modern Warfare 3 schließt direkt an den Vorgänger Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 an. John „Soap“ Mac. Tavish, schwer verletzt nach dem Kampf mit General Shepherd, wird von Captain Price und Nikolai nach Nordindien in Sicherheit gebracht. Währenddessen befindet sich der Konflikt zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Russland auf dem Höhepunkt; der Spieler greift als Derek „Frost“ Westbrook, Mitglied der US- Spezialeinheit Delta Force (Rufzeichen: Metal), in den Kampf um New York ein, zerstört einen feindlichen Funkmasten sowie eine große Anzahl der russischen Marine im Hafen von New York. Durch diesen Sieg gelingt es der amerikanischen Armee, die Russen in die Defensive zu drängen und aus den Staaten zu vertreiben. In der nächsten Mission wird das Versteck von Price und Mac. Tavish von Söldnern angegriffen, die von ihrem Erzfeind Vladimir Makarov geschickt wurden. Der Spieler schlüpft hierbei in die Rolle von Yuri, einem Ex- Speznas, der aufgrund seiner Vorgeschichte eine Rechnung mit Makarov zu begleichen hat. Es gelingt den dreien, mit Nikolai in einem Helikopter zu entkommen. Die nächste Mission findet im Privatflugzeug des russischen Präsidenten Boris Vorshevsky statt. Dieser befindet sich mit seinem Stab auf dem Weg nach Hamburg, um dort Friedensgespräche mit den Amerikanern zu führen. Dieser Schritt widerspricht jedoch den Interessen Makarovs, weshalb er das Flugzeug entführen lassen will. Als Sicherheitsagent des Präsidenten kämpft sich der Spieler durch den Flieger, welcher aufgrund der im Inneren stattfindenden Kampfhandlungen schließlich in der Mitte entzweibricht und abstürzt. Am Boden warten jedoch weitere Söldner Makarovs; es gelingt den Agenten, die Tochter des Präsidenten, Alena Vorshevsky, in Sicherheit zu bringen. Der Protagonist wird daraufhin jedoch von Makarov erschossen und Vorshevsky gefangen genommen. Jetzt offenbart Makarov seinen Plan: Er will in den Besitz der Startcodes für die Nuklearraketen Russlands gelangen, um Europa zu erobern, „selbst wenn nur noch ein Haufen Asche übrig ist.“Der Präsident weigert sich jedoch, und Makarov versucht nun, Alena zu finden, um sie als Druckmittel zu benutzen. Nun setzt die Handlung wieder bei Soap und Price an. Sie verfolgen eine Spur Makarovs nach Sierra Leone, jedoch wird die von ihnen gesuchte Fracht nach London verbracht. Price gibt dem Special Air Service daraufhin einen Tipp, um die Ladung abzufangen. Nach schweren Gefechten gelingt es dem SAS, einen Lastwagen aus dem Verkehr zu ziehen. Ein anderer blieb jedoch unbemerkt und explodiert wenig später in der Innenstadt von London, wobei aus ihm Giftgas entweicht. Zeitgleich geschieht in vielen europäischen Metropolen das Gleiche. Schnell wird klar, dass es sich nicht um Terroranschläge handelt. Die Gasangriffe waren eine koordinierte Vorbereitung der Russen für eine Invasion Europas. Das Sonderkommando Metal wird nun nach Hamburg verlegt, wo der Spieler wieder als „Frost“ den amerikanischen Vizepräsidenten, der als Geisel gefangen gehalten wurde, befreien kann. Währenddessen greifen Soap, Price und Yuri das Anwesen von Waraabe, einem Handlanger Makarovs, an. Sie wollen von ihm erfahren, wer hinter den Gasangriffen steckt. Waraabe nennt den Namen „Volk“ und dessen gegenwärtigen Aufenthaltsort: Paris. Daraufhin wird er von Captain Price getötet. Da sie in den Kriegswirren nicht selbst nach Paris gelangen können, beauftragt Price „Sandman“, den Gruppenführer von Metal, mit der Suche nach Volk. Es gelingt, Volk auszuheben und trotz heftiger Verfolgung durch die russische Armee aus der Stadt zu schaffen. Die Gruppe um Price trifft sich derweil in Prag mit dem Widerstand, um Makarov bei einem Treffen in einem Hotel mitten in der Stadt aufzulauern. Dieser erwartet sie jedoch; Mac. Tavish und Yuri werden in ihrem Scharfschützenversteck von einer Bombe überrascht. Durch die Explosion und den Sturz aus dem Fenster wird Soap schwer verwundet. Price und Yuri bringen ihn durch die feindlichen Linien hindurch zu einem Widerstandsnest. Hier erliegt Soap Mac. Tavish seinen Verletzungen, seine letzten Worte sind: „Makarov kennt Yuri.“ Nun erklärt sich Yuris Hass auf Makarov. Er war in jungen Jahren fanatischer Anhänger der ultranationalen russischen Bewegung, welcher auch Makarov angehörte. Nach und nach begann er jedoch an seinen Idealen zu zweifeln, bis er sich schließlich gegen Makarov stellte. Dieser schoss ihm in die Brust und ließ ihn zum Sterben zurück. Yuri überlebte jedoch und sinnt seither auf Rache. Der Spieler schlüpft nun wieder in die Rolle von Frost. In Berlin will das Sonderkommando Metal Alena Vorshevsky vor den Makarovs Schergen retten. Jedoch kommen sie zu spät; es ist nun nur noch eine Frage der Zeit, bis der russische Präsident die Startcodes preisgibt. Nun schließen sich Yuri, Price und das Team Metal zusammen und verfolgen Alenas Spur zu einer stillgelegten Diamantenmine nach Sibirien. Es gelingt, den Präsidenten und seine Tochter zu retten. Bei dem Versuch, die Verfolger aufzuhalten, kommt jedoch das gesamte Team Metal ums Leben. Price sinnt nun mehr denn je auf Rache und verfolgt Makarovs Spur bis zu einem Hotel in Dubai. Es gelingt, Makarov auf dem Dach zu stellen. Makarov erschießt Yuri, wird dann jedoch seinerseits von Captain Price niedergerungen und mit einem Stahlseil erhängt. Price fällt auf den Boden und zündet sich eine Zigarre an, während im Hintergrund Polizeisirenen zu hören sind. Mission. Gebiet. Spielumgebung. AKT ISchwarzer Dienstag. Manhattan, New York City. Metropole. Jäger und Gejagte. Manhattan, New York City. Hafen. Persona non Grata. Himachal Pradesh, Indien. Dorf im indischen Hochland. Turbulenzen. Iljuschin Il- 9. PUFlugzeugkabine. Wieder aufgetaucht. Sierra Leoneafrikanisches Dorf. Vorsicht an der Bahnsteigkante. London, England. Großstadt. AKT II´Codename: Goalpost. Hamburg, Deutschland. Großstadt. Zurück zum Absender. Bosaso, Somaliaafrikanische Hafenstadt. Der nasse Sack. Paris, Frankreich. Großstadt. Die Eiserne Dame. Paris, Frankreich. Großstadt. Das Auge des Sturms. Prag, Tschechien. Großstadt. Blutsbrüder. Sailing La Vagabonde. Sailing is the easy part.
There are a list of things on board that we are constantly cleaning, fixing and monitoring. When I first purchased La Vagabonde, she was like a dark room with lots of hidden, unfamiliar parts around the gally. Slowly, as I have discovered these areas and been forced to learn the anatomy of her when things go wrong, these dark spots have been lit up and I feel a lot more comfortable. Here is some info on how we maintain La Vagabonde. Eating & Showering (Elayna) Everyone loves a good shower (I know I do, or I used too). But girls (and boys), forget about those hot, half an hour showers and baths. Livre I en Français - Chapitre I - Version Christian Grey Auteur: Eminen F. Christian grey vue que dans la fin du 3 eme c est sont point de vue a lui. Traduit par. Définition légale. Selon la loi française (LOI n° 2011-590) un livre numérique est « une œuvre de l'esprit créée par un ou plusieurs auteurs [.] à la fois. Alan Moore (/ m ɔər /; born 18 November 1953) is an English writer primarily known for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell. Information Software and the Graphical Interface. This draft was released March 1. Please email comments to bretworrydream. You can also download the PDF. Contents: What is software? Context- sensitivity. Changing the world. Information Software and the Graphical Interfaceby Bret Victor. Abstract. The ubiquity of frustrating, unhelpful software interfaces has motivated decades of research into “Human- Computer Interaction.” In this paper, I suggest that the long- standing focus on “interaction” may be misguided. For a majority subset of software, called “information software,” I argue that interactivity is actually a curse for users and a crutch for designers, and users’ goals can be better satisfied through other means. Information software design can be seen as the design of context- sensitive information graphics. I demonstrate the crucial role of information graphic design, and present three approaches to context- sensitivity, of which interactivity is the last resort. After discussing the cultural changes necessary for these design ideas to take root, I address their implementation. I outline a tool which may allow designers to create data- dependent graphics with no engineering assistance, and also outline a platform which may allow an unprecedented level of implicit context- sharing between independent programs. I conclude by asserting that the principles of information software design will become critical as technology improves. Although this paper presents a number of concrete design and engineering ideas, the larger intent is to introduce a “unified theory” of information software design, and provide inspiration and direction for progressive designers who suspect that the world of software isn’t as flat as they’ve been told. Scope and terminology“Software,” as used here, refers to user- facing personal desktop software, whether on a native or web platform. Software design” describes all appearance and behaviors visible to a user; it approaches software as a product. Software engineering” implements the design on a computer; it approaches software as a technology. These are contentious definitions; hopefully, this paper itself will prove far more contentious. Contents. What is software? Context- sensitivity. Changing the world. Of software and sorcery. A computational process is indeed much like a sorcerer’s idea of a spirit. It cannot be seen or touched. It is not composed of matter at all. However, it is very real. It can perform intellectual work. It can answer questions. It can affect the world by disbursing money at a bank or by controlling a robot arm in a factory. The programs we use to conjure processes are like a sorcerer’s spells.—Abelson and Sussman, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (1. Merlin had it easy—raising Stonehenge was a mere engineering challenge. He slung some weighty stones, to be sure, but their placement had only to please a subterranean audience whose interest in the matter was rapidly decomposing. The dead are notoriously unpicky. Today’s software magicians carry a burden heavier than 1. They often approach this challenge like Geppetto’s fairy—attempting to instill the spark of life into a mechanical contraption, to create a Real Boy. Instead, their vivified creations often resemble those of Frankenstein—helpless, unhelpful, maddeningly stupid, and prone to accidental destruction. This is a software crisis, and it isn’t news. For decades, the usability pundits have devoted vim and vitriol to a crusade against frustrating interfaces. Reasoning that the cure for unfriendly software is to make software friendlier, they have rallied under the banner of “interaction design,” spreading the gospel of friendly, usable interactivity to all who would listen. Yet, software has remained frustrating, and as the importance of software to society has grown, so too has the crisis. The crusade marches on, with believers rarely questioning the sacred premise—that software must be interactive in the first place. That software is meant to be “used.”I suggest that the root of the software crisis is an identity crisis—an unclear understanding of what the medium actually is, and what it’s for. Perhaps the spark of life is misdirected magic. What is software design? A person experiences modern software almost exclusively through two channels: She reads and interprets pictures on a screen. She points and pushes at things represented on the screen, using a mouse as a proxy finger. Thus, software design involves the design of two types of artifact: These are not brave new realms of human endeavor. We share the blood of cavemen who pushed spears into mammoths and drew pictures of them in the living room. By now, these two activities have evolved into well- established design disciplines: graphic design and industrial design. Graphic design is the art of conveying a message on a two- dimensional surface. This is a broad field, because people have such a variety of messages to convey—identity, social status, emotion, persuasion, and so on. Most relevant to software is a branch that Edward Tufte calls information design—the use of pictures to express knowledge of interest to the reader.* Some products of conventional information graphic design include bus schedules, telephone books, newspapers, maps, and shopping catalogs. A good graphic designer understands how to arrange information on the page so the reader can ask and answer questions, make comparisons, and draw conclusions. When the software designer defines the visual representation of her program, when she describes the pictures that the user will interpret, she is doing graphic design, whether she realizes this or not. Industrial design is the art of arranging and shaping a physical product so it can be manipulated by a person. This too is a broad field, because people work with such a variety of objects—cutlery to chairs, cell phones to cars. A good industrial designer understands the capabilities and limitations of the human body in manipulating physical objects, and of the human mind in comprehending mechanical models. A camera designer, for example, shapes her product to fit the human hand. She places buttons such that they can be manipulated with index fingers while the camera rests on the thumbs, and weights the buttons so they can be easily pressed in this position, but won’t trigger on accident. Just as importantly, she designs an understandable mapping from physical features to functions—pressing a button snaps a picture, pulling a lever advances the film, opening a door reveals the film, opening another door reveals the battery. Although software is the archetypical non- physical product, modern software interfaces have evolved overtly mechanical metaphors. Buttons are pushed, sliders are slid, windows are dragged, icons are dropped, panels extend and retract. People are encouraged to consider software a machine—when a button is pressed, invisible gears grind and whir, and some internal or external state is changed. Manipulation of machines is the domain of industrial design. When the software designer defines the interactive aspects of her program, when she places these pseudo- mechanical affordances and describes their behavior, she is doing a virtual form of industrial design. Whether she realizes it or not. The software designer can thus approach her art as a fusion of graphic design and industrial design. Now, let’s consider how a user approaches software, and more importantly, why. What is software for? Software is for people. To derive what software should do, we have to start with what people do. Consider the following taxonomy of human activity: *At the present, software can’t do much for physical needs—if your avatar eats a sandwich, you remain hungry. But people are increasingly shifting their intellectual activities to the virtual world of the computer. This suggests three general reasons why a person will turn to software: To learn. To create. To communicate. I propose that software can be classified according to which of these needs it serves. I will call these categories information software, manipulation software, and communication software. Information software serves the human urge to learn. A person uses information software to construct and manipulate a model that is internal to the mind—a mental representation of information. Good information software encourages the user to ask and answer questions, make comparisons, and draw conclusions. |
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